A Day Not Forgotten, the Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay Example for Free

A Day Not Forgotten, the Attack on Pearl Harbor Essay The attack on Pearl Harbor by the Japanese on December 7, 1941 remains a clear memory for both nations. Everything seemed to have played in favor of the Empire of Japan; from planning, to gathering the necessary resources, the silent 3,300 nautical mile journey of the task force and ultimately the attack itself. From a tactical standpoint the attack was one of the most ingenious naval operations in history. With the loss of four U.S. battleships, 180 Aircraft, and 2,400 sailors the attack can be chalked up as a â€Å"win† for Japan. But since the surprise attack was conducted without a formal declaration of war, it may have been one of the biggest mistakes ever made in world-war II. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay Planning the attack on Pearl Harbor was done by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, in hopes to challenge Imperial Japans current naval doctrine of â€Å"Big Ships and Big Guns.† Much of imperial Japans naval concern was directed toward the construction of the Musashi, and the Yamato, two of the largest most powerful battleships ever built. Admiral Yamamoto, along with other high-ranking naval offices doubted the â€Å"Big Ships and Big Guns† mindset, but it was Yamamoto who opted for a different approach. He recognized the massive potential of aviation, more specifically naval aviation since the 1930s. The idea of an air raid on Hawaii came after his observance of naval air maneuvers, clearly demonstrating the superiority of air power over battleships. This may have possibly been the main reason why the Japanese decided to take on such an operation, to simply prove the value of the aircraft carrier. With the aid of Rear Admiral Takijiro Onishi and Commander Minoru Genda, Yamamoto began to devise a plan of attack. The operation must be executed in a manner that takes the enemy by surprise, with the main targets being the aircraft carriers and land-based planes. All available Japanese aircraft carriers will be needed for the operation, with the primary method of attack being torpedo- and dive-bombing. Bomber support and strafing runs will be handled by the fighter planes, and the operation was to be conducted early morning. Even the best laid plans have problems, and the raid was no exception. One such problem would be the allocation of resources for both an attack on Hawaii and the operations in the Philippines which have already begun to take place. Other than the small number of aircraft carriers that the Japanese fleet maintained, another problem would be the large amounts of oil needed to support both operations. The attack itself had a number of obstacles, one of which would be the issue of maintaining secrecy. An operation such as this raid the element of surprise is paramount; very few people were given details of the operation. Second would be the route traveled by the task force, because plotting a course through the rough waters of the northern pacific during the winter is not an easy task. Ultimately the task force would start from Etorohu; heading 42 degrees north/ 147 degrees west, which would eventually put the task force north of Hawaii. Lastly was the issue of releasing torpedoes in the shallow waters of Pearl Harbor. Modifications were made to the torpedoes allowing them to be used in the harbor. Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo was selected as the task force commander for the operation. The task force itself consisted of 30 ships, 6 of which were aircraft carriers, with a full complement of 430 planes to conduct the air raid. During the voyage the fleet was kept under strict radio silence, and was limited to receiving transmissions. Transmitting messages from the fleet would run the risk of exposing the position of the fleet by the U.S. At this point all the preparations were obviously complete, and the attack on Pearl Harbor was imminent. With all the planning being done by Admiral Yamamoto and the Japanese fleet, there were also events taking place in Washington. On October 16 of the same year news reached Washington reporting the fall of the Konoye Government, resulting in the appointment of General Tojo as Prime Minister of Japan. This set off alarms in D.C. because of the fact that General Tojo is a militarist, and fears of his cabinet would be bent on war. But the Japanese maintained diplomatic negotiations with the goal of achieving an agreement to restore oil supplies. On the American end of the negotiations, Presidents Roosevelt was more concerned with Japan ending its tripartite pact. Kichisaburo Momura was the ambassador of Japan in charge of facilitating requests between Tokyo and Washington. He was in charge of delivering the 14 part message from Tokyo that ultimately relays the declaration of war on the U.S., just hours before the attack would commence. The delivery of the final portion of the message came about one hour after the attack had begun, thus making it a violation of international law. The first wave of 183 Japanese planes initiates the attack at 0600 hours and was concentrated on Hickam airfield and the flying boat ramps on Ford Island, with the torpedo bombers en route to battle ship row. The first wave lasts until 0945 with 4 battleships sunk, 8 badly damaged, 200 U.S. aircraft destroyed and multiple smaller ships lost. A secondary attack is launched as well, with the total casualty count tallying in roughly 2,400 U.S. personal killed, and 1,200 wounded. A nation-wide broadcast of the â€Å"Sneak Attack† hits the airwaves, rallying the nation behind President Roosevelt into the war. This was the exact opposite result that Admiral Yamamoto had hoped this raid would have on the American fighting spirit. What was thought to be the most brilliant naval operations in history has also become the biggest mistake of World War II. â€Å"†¦with the un-bounding determination of our people we will gain the inevitable victory. So help us God†. These were the last words of president Roosevelt addressing the Japanese attack before the chamber in which he stood erupted with cheer. Although, some of the reactions made by the American people were not so level headed; such as the boycotting of Japanese shops and goods, the nation as a whole was geared toward the war effort, American wanted payback. The war in the Pacific was slow to get going because Europe was made a priority. This would mean the forces already committed to the Pacific were without the possibility of reinforcement. The Japanese onslaught came fast and it looked as if it wasn’t slowing down. Position after allied position, was taken by the empire and the outlook of the pacific war looked grim but not for too long. An admiral by the name of Ernest J. King soon devised a raiding strategy after his careful assessment of previous Japanese operations. The strategy consisted of raids on unsuspecting Japanese positions which were to be conducted by carrier groups. The objective of this strategy was to force the Japanese to reinforce these exposed positions; thus spreading their defenses too thin and unable to counter an actual advance. The carriers that were involved with operation were the U.S.S. Saratoga, Lexington and Enterprise. The raids at first inflicted mild damage, but the carrier group was soon bolstered by the addition of the U.S.S. Yorktown. A raid was conducted on the enemy positions at Lae and Salamana destroying several Japanese transports. Doolittle’s raid was one that resulted from Admiral Kings’ strategy, forcing the Japanese high command on their heels. The pivotal naval battle of Midway was also a hard fought victory on the road to winning the war in the Pacific. The Midway atoll was located between the Hawaiian Islands and was a vital strategic position for both countries. It was essentially the doorway to both the Japanese Empire and the U.S. Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the overall commander of the Pacific theater, planned a â€Å"scissor† type strategy to defend Midway from an impending Japanese attack. This strategy was to be executed in a way where it would place the Japanese carrier group between land-based air attacks and the two U.S. carrier groups. The position of the Japanese fleet was hard to locate until Lieutenant-Commander â€Å"Wade† McClusky spotted an enemy destroyer following it back to the main force. Coincidently the strike group that was launched from the other carrier fleet located the Japanese fleet at the same time approaching from the east. The clash at Midway resulted in a one-sided victory for the U.S. destroying four Japanese carriers, one heavy cruiser, 275 planes, and 3,500 Japanese personnel. As the Allied forces closed in on the Japanese Empire, land based operations became more and more frequent. Although there were plenty more Naval engagements that took place, the taking of land-based positions were the deciding factor. One important land operation was the taking of Guadalcanal giving way many lessons learned. At the unfortunate cost of countless lives, it showed the U.S. the difficulty of supporting a fighting force on an enemy shore and the many logistic risks when taking on an amphibious assault. It also made military commanders aware of the hardships of fighting in dense jungle terrain and the threat of disease and sickness. One by one enemy positions fell to the Allies and the Japanese Empire slowly dwindled. And the closer that the Allies got to their homeland the Japanese fought harder. But their fervor was not enough to beat back onslaught of the Allied forces. With every inch gained, every battle won, and every life lost Allied resolve grew hundreds of times stronger. If it weren’t for the day that the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, the outcome probably would’ve been different. But the damage was done, and the mistake of awaking the fighting spirit of the American people marked the beginning of the end of the Japanese Empire. References http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/pearl.htm http://worldwar2history.info/Pearl-Harbor/

Globalization Has A Negative Impact on Global Health Essay -- Outsourci

Globalization is the development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets (www.merriam-webster.com, 2012). Globalisation has had both, positive and negative effects on health. This essay will examine how globalisation has helped alcohol and tobacco trade around the world and in doing so affected health, how globalization has enabled the global community to combat these issues and an estimation of alcohol and tobacco consumption in different countries. This essay will also contain statistics from the World Health Organization based on alcohol and tobacco to illustrate the impact of globalisation. Alcohol: The question as to when alcohol was invented is still unknown, but the discovery of late Stone Age beer jugs is proof that alcohol/fermented beverages was used in times of the Neolithic period. (Patrick, 1952). Researchers use the years between 6000-4000 BCE as a starting point when examining the history of alcohol because the evidence is very clear. During this time, viticulture, the process of making wines was invented and the evidence lies in Egyptian pictographs. A vital moment in the history of wine was during 3000-2000 BCE when wine production and trade became a vital part of Mediterranean market and culture, ships carried enormous amounts of wine between the cities. Over the years the production of wine increased and it was during 500 ACE when wine production reaches Tang China along the Silk road (www.lmu.edu, 2012). The above explains the history of wine trade. Today wine can be found all over the world, it is a global product and the production of wine will only continue t o grow. By looking at Figure 2 –world wi... ... on the consumption of tobacco and smoking. There was great success by implanting this treaty for example: Ireland in 2004 banned smoking in public places, in 2006, Iran banned all types of tobacco advertising, in 2009, Turkey implemented a similar smoking ban and there are many other success stories related to the implementation of this treaty (www.who.int, 2011) Conclusion: As boundaries vanish because of globalisation, people and goods are allowed to move around the world easier which in doing so creates new challenges to global health. These cannot be combated by national governments alone but must be dealt with instead by international organizations and agreements. Globalisation has had a negative impact on health in terms of alcohol and cigarette trade but with the help of the global community, these problems can be successfully combated.

Honour and Loyalty in “to Kill a Mockingbird”

Throughout the novel â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, Harper Lee presented many examples to the reader regarding honour and loyalty. Harper developed the traits of honour and loyalty through her portrayal of the characters; Atticus Finch, Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley, and Calpurnia. Atticus Finch was a distinguished symbol of honour and loyalty. He was a man who honoured his well-kept reputation in the town of Macomb and stayed loyal to the people close to him. One example of Atticus’ honourable character was when Bob Ewell committed the fallacious act of spitting in his face. Atticus kept full composure, and walked away, instead of fighting with Bob. This showed how Atticus did not want his reputation in Macomb to diminish. He explained to Jem that he had â€Å"destroyed his (Bob Ewells’) last shred of credibility at that trial† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 218). He also explained to Jem how â€Å"spitting in my face and threatening me saved Mayella Ewell one extra beating† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 218) . This demonstrated honour in Atticus as he cared for Mayella, putting aside how harshly she had treated Atticus and Tom Robinson in the past. Loyalty was displayed when Atticus made the vital decision to take on the Tom Robinson case. He fully defended Tom no matter what others would say. Atticus took the case for another reason; he believed in equality and thought that black and white people were to be treated equally. Atticus honoured Ms. Dubose and showed respect by speaking kindly of her all the time. Although the children told Atticus how she treated them, he still greeted Ms. Dubose; â€Å"good evening Ms. Dubose! You look like a picture this evening. † (Harper Lee, 1960, P. 109). It took great honour for Atticus to be this respectful towards Ms. Dubose, considering how disrespectfully she treated Jem and Scout. Read also  How Powerful Do You Find Atticus Finch’s Closing Speech? Another character who showed honour and loyalty in â€Å"To a Kill a Mockingbird† was Arthur â€Å"Boo† Radley. During the initial stages of the novel, Boo kept leaving little things in the tree for the children to take. He was acting honourable and trying to befriend them, as they acted seemed of him. Additionally, Boo put a blanket around Scout during the fire. At first, Scout thought it was Jem who had put the blanket around her, but when she found out it was Boo, she was surprised, and started to think differently of him. Jem told Scout that she was â€Å"so busy looking at the fire, she didn’t now it when he put the blanket around her† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 72). Arthur Radley was honourable towards the Finch family by killing Bob Ewell. Bob had caused many problems for the Finch family, and was the cause of Tom Robinson’s death, which followed after the court case. His actions proved as justice for the Tom Robinson Case, as well as for the assa ult on the children (which left Jem with a broken arm). Lastly, Calpurnia was also a significant character in this novel who illustrated honour and loyalty. She took Jem and Scout to an African American church. The children were not welcomed warmly. Calpurnia stayed loyal to the children, and fully defended them when everyone else wanted them out. A woman from the church was displeased with the fact that Calpurnia had brought these children to their church. Immediately, Calpurnia backed the children, saying that there was absolutely no difference between white or black people, so the children were to have every right to stay in the church. As a â€Å"mother figure†, Calpurnia was a very good influence on both of the children, she taught them how to be honourable to people, and to respect others. When Walter Cunningham went over to the Finch’s for supper, Scout made a comment on the way Walter was pouring syrup all over his dinner. Calpurnia took Scout straight to the kitchen and told her that â€Å"Yo‘ folks might be better’n the Cunningham’s but it don’t count for nothin’ the way you’re disgracin‘ ’em† (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 31). After the stern vituperation, Scout went back to the table and was more respectful towards Walter. Calpurnia had also worked with the Finch family for much of her life, which showed her loyalty for them, and the respect she had gained from Atticus. After Calpurnia was told to leave the Finch home, Atticus strongly defended her by telling Alexandra that she was a â€Å"faithful member of the family and she’d (Alexandra) would have to accept things the way they were. † (Harper Lee, 1960, p. 147) In conclusion, Atticus Finch, Boo Radley, and Calpurnia were three significant characters who clearly demonstrated honour and loyalty throughout â€Å"How to Kill a Mockingbird†. They also played important roles in helping the children to become loyal and honourable.

Shane, The Lone Ethnographer A Beginners Guide To Ethnography Book Review - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 977 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Culture Essay Level High school Tags: Ethnographic Essay Did you like this example? Ethnography is the branch of anthropology that deals with the description of specific human cultures, using methods such as close observation and interviews (thefreedictionary.com). I honestly didnt know what all was entailed in the field of ethnography or the life of a student studying it before reading this and found that it is a lot of hard work. In the short story Shane, The Lone Ethnographer author Sally Campbell Galman walks you through the life of someone studying ethnographic. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Shane, The Lone Ethnographer : A Beginners Guide To Ethnography Book Review" essay for you Create order This book follows the young inexperienced ethnographer work and trouble shoot research methods, obtain and collect data while trying to complete for project for school. During the story readers follow the life of Shane, a graduate student at an unnamed university. Shane, The Lone Ethnographer is illustrated through light-hearted comic scenes that helps someone whose new to ethnography understand the methods, theories and skills that ethnographic researchers possess. Also, the creative storyline helped me understand the actual life of someone studying this branch. The storyline is easy to follow and walks the reader through ethnographic research through the main character, Shane. While reading you will understand the struggle and sometimes complete confusion of an individuals first ethnographic study. Each chapter in this adventurous book has to do with a different part of ethnography. In this book review I will give my opinion of what was the weaknesses and strengths of this book. The book introduces the reader to the Lone Ethnographer, Shane in chapter one while she is daydreaming. Shane is a graduate college student at an unnamed university and has to decide what she is going to do for her project. Shane is stressed about picking a topic and later in that chapter she meets up with Sanjay at a local bistro to hopefully get his opinion and to discuss the situation. This is the first one of Shanes friends we meet. Throughout the book we continue to meet more characters. In chapter two we meet Theorillo the armadillo. Making the characters fun and giving them silly names is one of the ways the author made this book so entertaining. Therillo teaches Shane different concepts and research models. The basic storyline of this book is that no matter how young, inexperienced or even if you doubt yourself if you try hard enough you can get do anything if you put your mind to it. This book follows the young inexperienced ethnographer work and trouble shoot research meth ods, obtain and collect data, etc. Dr. Sally Campbell Galman is the author of this book and also did all of the illustrations. Dr. Galman is an anthropologist, oral historian, teacher educator, ruralist, writer and visual artist (sallycampbellgalman.com). She is also an award-winning cartoonist and is a professor in the School of Education, at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Dr. Galman lives and works in Amherst, Massachusetts. She is married, is a mother and has a cat. The publisher of this book is Rowman Littlefield Publishers, INC. and it was published in 2007. Dr. Sally Campbell Galman thanked multiple people in the beginning of Shane, The Lone Ethnographer. She thanked all her friends at the University Of Colorado School Of Education. As well as her close friends and family. She gave a special shout out to her parents and thanked them for the love, encouragement and lots of art supplies. While writing this story I think Dr. Galman saw the younger version of herself in the main character Shane. I think her main inspiration for this book was herself. I think the biggest strength in this book was the creativity Dr. Sally Campbell Galman had when writing it. You can tell she had a lot of ideas and is a really creative person. Most people would think that a book on ethnography and or anthropology would be dry and boring. Dr. Galman did a great job of creating a fun story-line that keeps you engaged in the story. She brought Shane to life and I could actually feel her confusion and frustration. I got a sense of all of her all characters personalities as well. Another thing that I liked was the big headings on the top of some pages. This helped me pre-think about what I was about to read. Another creative thing she did was adding the ethnography ABCs in the back of the book. She made these words fun and also put them in a place where everyone knows they are so they can review if they wanted to. Dr. Sally Campbell Galmans biggest weakness in Shane, The Lone Ethnographer in my opinion is that I thought the cartoons / illustrations got chaotic, overwhelming and messy at some points. It was difficult to read and focus on some pages. I think that if Dr. Galman would have toned it down a little it would have been very beneficial. The first time I opened up the book I was very overwhelmed. I eventually got some what used to it but some pages were very difficult to read. The boxes with text and speech bubbles were the most difficult. I understand this is how this type of writing is done but I still think she could have toned it down. In conclusion I thought this was a decent book. Besides the format being hard to read I enjoyed the story line and plot. I think this book exulted its mission which was teaching beginners in ethnography some information and also proving that this field of work is doable and isnt that scary! I thought the ethnography ABCs was a fun great idea to showcase vocabulary. I would recommend this book this book to any young adult and up that is interested in learning a little more about ethnography and what a ethnography student needs to know. I would also recommend this to anyone who is looking for a fun read.